Embedded & ADAS Engineering Notes

How ADAS actually runs, ECU by ECU.

Deep write-ups on the embedded systems inside modern vehicles — the perception ECUs, real-time firmware, and safety-critical buses that turn camera, radar and LiDAR data into steering and braking. Written by engineers who ship it, not market it.

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ADAS E/E ARCHITECTUREL2+ AUTONOMY

overview

●Traffic Sign Recognition: From Pixel to Decision in Three Pipeline Stages●AUTOSAR Classic vs Adaptive: Picking the Right One Isn't About Which Is Newer●AUTOSAR RTE Generation Errors: A Decoder Ring●What We Actually Look For When Hiring an Embedded Automotive Engineer●Traffic Sign Recognition From Scratch: Dataset to Deployed Model in One Weekend●MISRA C Violations We Actually Argue About in Code Review●Flash Bootloader Rollback Protection: Defending Against Downgrade Attacks●Camera-Radar Time Sync: The 40ms Bug●UDS Diagnostics Over DoIP: What Actually Changes When You Move Off CAN●Building MeKongBot: A Full-Stack ADAS Robot on a Hobbyist Budget●Building an AUTOSAR BSW Stack From Scratch: A Beginner's Roadmap●Why Your Extended Kalman Filter Diverges at Highway Speed

Knowledge Base

The core disciplines we cover.

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Projects & Demos

Prototype builds, weekend hacks, and the first time a demo actually drives itself.

AUTOSAR & Software Architecture

BSW layers, RTE generation, and the ARXML config change that breaks a build six weeks later

Embedded Firmware

Bare-metal drivers, RTOS scheduling, and the bugs that only show up at -40°C.

Automotive Networking

CAN, CAN-FD, and LIN diagnostics that keep a bus from silently dying.

ADAS & Sensor Fusion

Kalman filters, camera-radar fusion, and the sensor stack behind lane-keep.

Automotive Cybersecurity

ISO/SAE 21434, rollback protection, and the threat models that keep a bootloader honest.

AI & Perception Engineering

YOLO models, dataset edge cases, and the simulation gap between synthetic rain and the real thing.

Functional Safety

ISO 26262 in practice: FMEAs, ASIL decomposition, and safety cases that survive audit.

Projects & Demos

Prototype builds, weekend hacks, and the first time a demo actually drives itself.

AUTOSAR & Software Architecture

BSW layers, RTE generation, and the ARXML config change that breaks a build six weeks later

Embedded Firmware

Bare-metal drivers, RTOS scheduling, and the bugs that only show up at -40°C.

Automotive Networking

CAN, CAN-FD, and LIN diagnostics that keep a bus from silently dying.

ADAS & Sensor Fusion

Kalman filters, camera-radar fusion, and the sensor stack behind lane-keep.

Automotive Cybersecurity

ISO/SAE 21434, rollback protection, and the threat models that keep a bootloader honest.

AI & Perception Engineering

YOLO models, dataset edge cases, and the simulation gap between synthetic rain and the real thing.

Functional Safety

ISO 26262 in practice: FMEAs, ASIL decomposition, and safety cases that survive audit.

Projects & Demos

Prototype builds, weekend hacks, and the first time a demo actually drives itself.

AUTOSAR & Software Architecture

BSW layers, RTE generation, and the ARXML config change that breaks a build six weeks later

Embedded Firmware

Bare-metal drivers, RTOS scheduling, and the bugs that only show up at -40°C.

Automotive Networking

CAN, CAN-FD, and LIN diagnostics that keep a bus from silently dying.

ADAS & Sensor Fusion

Kalman filters, camera-radar fusion, and the sensor stack behind lane-keep.

Automotive Cybersecurity

ISO/SAE 21434, rollback protection, and the threat models that keep a bootloader honest.

AI & Perception Engineering

YOLO models, dataset edge cases, and the simulation gap between synthetic rain and the real thing.

Functional Safety

ISO 26262 in practice: FMEAs, ASIL decomposition, and safety cases that survive audit.

Latest Notes

Recent write-ups from the team.

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Raspberry Pi and controller board setup

SENSOR FUSIONNov 24, 2026

Why Does This Robot Need Two Brains?

A genuine question I had before I understood the answer: the Pi already runs Linux and ROS2. Why bolt on a whole separate microcontroller too?

Mr. Binh PhuongRead note →

Electronics workbench with detailed PCB

SENSOR FUSIONNov 11, 2026

An Apology to the Small Components on the RRC Lite Board

Five parts I walked right past on my way to the big square chip in the middle. They deserved better.

Mr. Bill LamRead note →

Electronics workbench with motor and terminal display

SENSOR FUSIONNov 3, 2026

Watching PID Actually Work: A Night With EncoderMotor_PID_Demo

"set" said 1.000. "actual" never quite agreed with it. That disagreement is the whole lesson.

Mr. Hoang HuynhRead note →

Messy tech workstation with serial monitor

SENSOR FUSIONOct 31, 2026

An Afternoon Skipping ROS2 Entirely to Talk to the Board in Raw Hex

No launch files, no nodes, no topics. Just a Type-C cable, a serial terminal, and every byte typed by hand.

Mr. Trong NguyenRead note →

PCB in electronics workshop setting

SENSOR FUSIONOct 21, 2026

Holding the RRC Lite Controller: A Hands-On Teardown

Not a datasheet. Just me, the board, and every little cluster of components I almost overlooked the first time.

Mr. Hoang NguyenRead note →

DIY robot workshop in action

SENSOR FUSIONOct 21, 2026

Upgrading MentorPi-A1's Steering: What 11 Extra Degrees Actually Bought Us

Not a victory lap. A 2024-to-2025 comparison, including the one thing the upgrade quietly broke.

Mr. Hung NguyenRead note →

Robot testing in the innovation lab

SENSOR FUSIONOct 16, 2026

Demo Day: MentorPi-A1 Parks Itself in Front of the Team

Live, present tense, as it happens. One park_action() function, one Ackermann steering formula, and a room full of colleagues watching.

Mr. Bill LamRead note →

Object detection test in robotics lab

SENSOR FUSIONOct 13, 2026

A Weekend Teaching MentorPi to Read Traffic Signs

Saturday's first bounding box, Saturday afternoon's confidence-threshold headache, and the Sunday moment every piece finally clicked into place together.

Mr. Nhan BuiRead note →